The psychoneuroendocrine response of aggression due to COVID-19 social isolation

The pandemic caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus in the years 2020-2022 altered the emotional behavior of humans. The restrictive feeling caused by the isolation and the change of life habits that demanded a social separation promoted anxiety, distress, apathy, domestic violence, educational problems, and economic instability, among other aspects. Erroneous statistics, and social media information about the number of people infected by the coronavirus SARS-COV-2, aggravated human anxiety and depression. This review compares the main psychological effects caused by pandemic isolation compared to other isolated social contexts. We studied the primary central nervous system areas involved in human reactive aggressiveness behavior. We examine this behavior in relationship with catecholamines and hormones during social isolation. We do not measure or analyze any hormone in our laboratory and only describe the circuits involved in the neuroendocrine response to the aggressive behavior. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] La pandemia causada por el virus Sars-Cov-2 durante los años 2020 a 2022, alteró la conducta emocional de los humanos. El sentimiento de restricción causado por el aislamiento y el cambio de hábitos de vida que demandaron una separación social promovieron: ansiedad, estrés, apatía, violencia doméstica, problemas educativos e inestabilidad económica, entre otros aspectos. Estadísticas erróneas y de los medios de información acerca del número de personas infectadas por el Coronavirus Sars-Cov-2 agravaron la ansiedad y la depresión humana. Esta revisión compara los principales efectos psicológicos causados por el aislamiento durante la pandemia comparado con otros contextos de aislamiento social. Nosotros estudiamos las áreas primarias involucradas en la conducta de agresión reactiva en los humanos y analizamos esta conducta en relación con las catecolaminas y hormonas durante el aislamiento social. No medimos ni analizamos ninguna hormona en nuestro laboratorio solo describimos los circuitos involucrados en la respuesta neuroendocrina a la conducta agresiva. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia is the property of Academia Mexicana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

'Against everything that got you into the job': experiences of potentially morally injurious events among Canadian public safety personnel.

Background: Moral injury (MI) has become a research and organizational priority as frontline personnel have, both during and in the years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic, raised concerns about repeated expectations to make choices that transgress their deeply held morals, values, and beliefs. As awareness of MI grows, so, too, does attention on its presence and impacts in related occupations such as those in public safety, given that codes of conduct, morally and ethically complex decisions, and high-stakes situations are inherent features of such occupations.Objective: This paper shares the results of a study of the presence of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) in the lived experiences of 38 public safety personnel (PSP) in Ontario, Canada.Method: Through qualitative interviews, this study explored the types of events PSP identify as PMIEs, how PSP make sense of these events, and the psychological, professional, and interpersonal impacts of these events. Thematic analysis supported the interpretation of PSP descriptions of events and experiences.Results: PMIEs do arise in the context of PSP work, namely during the performance of role-specific responsibilities, within the organizational climate, and because of inadequacies in the broader healthcare system. PMIEs are as such because they violate core beliefs commonly held by PSP and compromise their ability to act in accordance with the principles that motivate them in their work. PSP associate PMIEs, in combination with traumatic experiences and routine stress, with adverse psychological, professional and personal outcomes.Conclusion: The findings provide additional empirical evidence to the growing literature on MI in PSP, offering insight into the contextual dimensions that contribute to the sources and effects of PMIEs in diverse frontline populations as well as support for the continued application and exploration of MI in the PSP context.

The objective of this study was to understand the types of events that Canadian public safety personnel (PSP) experience as potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) as well as the impacts that they associate with these events.The findings illuminate that contextual dimensions are significant in the origin of PMIEs, which PSP experience in the completion of routine duties, because of the organizational culture, or as a result of issues in the broader healthcare system, which led to many negative consequences in their personal and professional lives.PMIEs reduced the trust PSP had in their leadership and the healthcare system to protect the public and themselves, were associated with feelings of anger, frustration, resignation, and helplessness, and connected to internal struggles marked by inner conflict and the erosion of self-concept.

Investigating the Psychological Disorder and Nutritional Disorder During the Covid-19 epidemic

Background: Considering the various effects of the corona epidemic on humans, the current study was conducted to investigate adults' nutritional patterns and psychological status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on adults in Iran during the Covid-19 epidemic. A total of 315 participants were examined by the convenience sampling method. To collect data from the standard twenty-one questionnaire (das) And Eating Attitudes Test - 26 Items were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and independent t-test, correlation coefficient, and chi-square analysis of variance at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.93 ± 10.02 years. Based on the findings, 31.1% had some degree of depression, 29.5% had some degree of anxiety and 31.7% have been affected by varying degrees of stress. Also, 8.7% of the participants had eating disorders. A statistically significant relationship was observed between depression score, anxiety score, stress score as well as an overall score of mental disorders and eating disorders;In such a way that with the increase of each of these cases, the score of eating disorders also increases. Conclusion: Following the prevalence of the Covid-19 epidemic and its psychological effects, the level of stress and anxiety has increased. Awareness controlled the level of anxiety and stress and prevented its adverse effects on nutrition. o Antecedentes: Teniendo en cuenta los diversos efectos de la epidemia de corona en los humanos, el estudio actual se realizó para investigar los patrones nutricionales y el estado psicológico de los adultos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Este estudio analítico transversal se realizó en adultos en Irán durante la epidemia de Covid-19. Un total de 315 participantes fueron examinados por el método de muestreo por conveniencia. Para recopilar datos del cuestionario estándar de veintiún (das) y la prueba de actitudes alimentarias, se utilizaron 26 ítems. Los datos fueron analizados por SPSS y prueba t independiente, coeficiente de correlación y análisis de varianza de chi-cuadrado a un nivel de significación de menos de 0,05. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 31,93 ± 10,02 años. De acuerdo con los hallazgos, el 31,1% presenta algún grado de depresión, el 29,5% presenta algún grado de ansiedad y el 31,7% se ha visto afectado por diversos grados de estrés. Asimismo, el 8,7% de los participantes presentaban trastornos alimentarios. Se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la puntuación de depresión, la puntuación de ansiedad, la puntuación de estrés, así como una puntuación global de trastornos mentales y trastornos alimentarios;De tal forma que con el aumento de cada uno de estos casos, también aumenta la puntuación de los trastornos alimentarios. Conclusión: A raíz de la prevalencia de la epidemia de Covid-19 y sus efectos psicológicos, el nivel de estrés y ansiedad ha aumentado. La conciencia controló el nivel de ansiedad y estrés y previno sus efectos adversos sobre la nutrición.

Differences in elderly stress levels before Covid-19 vaccination: History of exposure to Covid-19 reduces stress before vaccination

Background The Covid-19 pandemic requires the government to take various prevention and countermeasures, one of which is the Covid-19 Vaccination program, however, the program experiences a high dropout at various doses and causes immunization stress related response (ISRR), especially in the elderly. The research aims to determine differences in the stress levels of the elderly before the covid-19 vaccination. Methods Descriptive study with the elderly population who will take vaccinations at the Bojong Purbalingga Health Center. Sampling used random sampling, the inclusion criteria were 45–79 years old, with a total sample of 90 respondents. Research instruments developed by research, relating to vaccination containing cognitive responses (such as difficulty concentrating), physiological responses (such as shortness of breath, dry lips) feelings of fear, anxiety, trust in vaccination. Data were analyzed descriptively with percentages and proportions. Results The results showed that the most moderate stress levels were middle age (22.2%), women 33.3% had higher stress levels than men (10%), the highest vaccination coverage was 26.7% at a distance of 1–2 KM. The level of stress is in the moderate category 33.3% in the elderly who have never been exposed to Covid-19 and 10% in the elderly who have been exposed. Non-family health workers, 36.7% higher than families of health workers (6.7%). Conclusion Stress levels before vaccination are higher in the elderly who have never been exposed to Covid-19, compared to those who have been exposed to Covid-19. The need for family assistance to prepare for vaccination in the elderly. Resumen Antecedentes La pandemia de Covid-19 requiere que el gobierno tome varias medidas de prevención y contramedidas, una de las cuales es el programa de vacunación de Covid-19, sin embargo, el programa experimenta una alta deserción en varias dosis y provoca una respuesta relacionada con el estrés de la inmunización, especialmente en el anciano. Die Forschung zielt darauf ab, Unterschiede im Stresslevel älterer Menschen vor der Covid-19-Impfung festzustellen. Métodos Estudio descriptivo con la población adulta mayor que se vacunará en el Centro de Salud de Bojong Purbalingga. El muestreo utilizó un muestreo aleatorizado, los criterios de inclusión fueron de 45 a 79 años, con una muestra total de 90 encuestados. Instrumentos de investigación desarrollados por la investigación, relacionados con la vacunación que contienen respuestas cognitivas (como dificultad para concentrarse), respuestas fisiológicas (como dificultad para respirar, labios secos) sentimientos de miedo, ansiedad, confianza en la vacunación. Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente con porcentajes y proporciones. Resultados Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de estrés más moderados fueron la mediana edad (22,2%), las mujeres 33,3% presentaron niveles de estrés más altos que los hombres (10%), la mayor cobertura de vacunación fue 26,7% a una distancia de 1–2 KM. El nivel de estrés está en la categoría moderado 33,3% en ancianos que nunca han estado expuestos al Covid-19 y 10% en ancianos que han estado expuestos. Trabajadores de la salud no familiares, 36,7% superior a los familiares de los trabajadores de la salud (6,7%). Conclusión Los niveles de estrés antes de la vacunación son mayores en los adultos mayores que nunca han estado expuestos a Covid-19, en comparación con aquellos que han estado expuestos a Covid-19. La necesidad de asistencia familiar para preparar la vacunación en los ancianos.

Predicción de la resiliencia docente mediante redes neuronales artificiales: influencia del burnout y del estrés por COVID-19

Antecedentes: La resiliencia en el profesorado permite afrontar situaciones difíciles y reponerse a la adversidad existiendo diferencias de género al respecto. Asimismo, la inteligencia artificial y las técnicas asociadas a ella han resultado ser de gran utilidad para predecir variables educativas y estudiar la interconexión entre ellas tras la COVID19. Dicho esto, el objetivo general de esta investigación fue predecir los niveles de resiliencia en las profesoras y profesores de Secundaria a través del diseño de una red neuronal artificial (RNA). Método: Se administró la Escala Breve de Afrontamiento Resiliente, el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach y el Cuestionario de Estrés frente a la COVID19 a 401 docentes de secundaria (70.6% mujeres) de centros educativos del sureste español, con una edad media de 44.36 años (DT= 9.38). Resultados: Se hallaron diferencias en la configuración de los modelos predictivos de la resiliencia entre profesoras y profesores contribuyendo las variables independientes en diferente grado en función del género. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto la utilidad de las RNA en el ámbito educativo y la necesidad de diseñar programas más ajustados.

Suicidal risk and strategies for coping with stress in Colombian rural population / Riesgo suicida y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en población campesina colombiana

Resumen Introducción: El comportamiento suicida hace referencia a las diversas conductas para dejar de vivir es un fenómeno multifactorial ampliamente estudiado en población urbana, sin embargo, la población campesina, especialmente agricultores y trabajadores agrícolas están entre los grupos de alto riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar las relaciones entre el riesgo suicida y las estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés en una muestra de 76 campesinos entre los 18 y 79 años del municipio de El Santuario, Colombia, durante la emergencia sanitaria por Covid-19. Método: Para este estudio se utilizó un diseño descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal y se emplearon como instrumentos la Escala de Evaluación de Riesgo Suicida -ERS- y la Escala de Estilos y Estrategias de Afrontamiento (EEEAE). Resultados: Los resultados encontrados en la Escala ERS no indicaron niveles clínicos de riesgo suicida. Y respecto a la EEEAE casi siempre los participantes usaban las estrategias de Reevaluación positiva, Apoyo social, Desconexión cognitiva y Resolver el problema. Hubo correlaciones negativas entre todas las dimensiones de la escala ERS con EEEAE, menos entre las dimensiones Depresión/Desesperanza y Aislamiento/Soporte social (ERS) con la Desconexión cognitiva (EEEAE) y especialmente la estrategia de Reevaluación Positiva tuvo un peso significativo sobre riesgo suicida. Conclusiones: La Reevaluación Positiva es una estrategia de afrontamiento que puede proteger la salud mental ante situaciones de estrés asociados con el riesgo suicida de la población campesina, los agricultores y trabajadores agrícolas.

Abstract Introduction: Suicidal behavior refers to the various behaviors to stop living, it is a multifactorial phenomenon widely studied in the urban population, however, the rural population, especially farmers and agricultural workers, are among the high-risk groups. Objective: Evaluate the relationships between suicidal risk and stress coping strategies in a sample of 76 peasants between 18 and 79 years of age from the municipality of El Santuario, Colombia during the Covid-19 health emergency. Method: For this study, a cross-sectional correlational descriptive design was used. The Suicide Risk Assessment Scale -SRAS- and the Coping Styles and Strategies Scale were used as measurement instruments (CSSS). Results: The results found in the SRAS Scale did not indicate clinical levels of suicidal risk. And regarding the EEEAE, the participants almost always used the strategies of Positive Reappraisal, Social Support, Cognitive Disconnection and Problem-Solving skills. There were negative correlations between all the dimensions of the SRAS scale with CSSS, less between the dimensions Depression/Hopelessness and Isolation/social support (SRAS) with Cognitive Disconnection (CSSS) and especially the Positive Reappraisal had a significant weight on suicidal risk. Conclusions: Positive Reappraisal is a coping strategy that can protect mental health in situations of stress associated with suicidal risk of the rural population, farmers, and agricultural workers.

Influences of COVID-19 lockdown on mental health in occupational therapy undergrad students / Influencias del confinamiento por COVID-19 sobre la salud mental en estudiantes de grado de terapia ocupacional / Influências do confinamento COVID-19 na saúde mental de estudantes de graduação em terapia ocupacional

Resumen Introducción Los años de universidad son un periodo de desarrollo crucial para la transición de la adolescencia a la adultez, por eso existe una creciente preocupación sobre la salud mental de los estudiantes. El COVID-19 puso en situación de vulnerabilidad a esta población, con aumento del riesgo de depresión, ansiedad o estrés. Objetivo Aunque los estudios sobre los efectos de la pandemia y sus consecuencias sobre la salud mental se publican de manera exponencial, existen pocos centrados en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Por ello, se enfoca esta temática en estudiantes de Grado en Terapia Ocupacional para explorar los efectos sobre la salud mental en la etapa de confinamiento inicial. Método Partiendo de la hipótesis de que el confinamiento ha podido poner en situación vulnerable a los estudiantes universitarios, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo longitudinal con estudiantes del Grado de Terapia Ocupacional en base a los cuestionarios General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Escala de Felicidad Subjetiva (SHS) y la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck. Resultados Los resultados mostraron una mejoría en las diferentes escalas entre los años 2019 y 2020, con relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el estado de confinamiento y una reducción del riesgo de depresión a su finalización. Conclusiones Esta relación sugiere dudas sobre la temporalidad y la medición de los resultados siendo posible queque el confinamiento tuviera aspectos positivos en algunas de las dimensiones de la salud mental, dada su relación con la falta de aislamiento social en muchos casos, el establecimiento de rutinas y la reincorporación a la docencia presencial.

Resumo Introdução Os anos universitários são um período de desenvolvimento crucial para a transição da adolescência para a idade adulta, razão pela qual é crescente a preocupação com a saúde mental dos estudantes. A COVID-19 coloca esta população numa situação vulnerável, com risco acrescido de depressão, ansiedade ou stress. Objetivo Embora estudos sobre os efeitos da pandemia e suas consequências na saúde mental sejam publicados de forma exponencial, poucos são os voltados para estudantes de ciências da saúde. Por este motivo, aborda-se esta temática em alunos de graduação em terapia ocupacional para explorar os efeitos na saúde mental em fase inicial de confinamento. Método Partindo da hipótese de que o confinamento tem sido capaz de colocar estudantes universitários em situação de vulnerabilidade, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo longitudinal com estudantes do Curso Graduação em Terapia Ocupacional com base no General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Escala de Felicidade Subjetiva (SHS) e Escala de Desesperança de Beck. Resultados Os resultados mostraram uma melhora nas diferentes escalas entre os anos de 2019 e 2020, com relações estatisticamente significativas entre o estado de confinamento e a redução do risco de depressão ao final. Conclusão Esta relação sugere dúvidas sobre a temporalidade e a mensuração dos resultados, sendo possível que o confinamento tenha tido aspectos positivos em algumas das dimensões da saúde mental, dada sua relação com a falta de isolamento social, em muitos casos, o estabelecimento de rotinas e o retorno ao ensino presencial.

Abstract Introduction The university years are a crucial period of development for the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is why there is a growing concern for the mental health of students. COVID-19 places this population in a vulnerable situation, with an increased risk of depression, anxiety, or stress. Objective Although studies on the effects of the pandemic and its consequences on mental health are published exponentially, few studies focus on students in health sciences. Therefore, we aimed the approach of these issues regarding undergraduates from the Degree of Occupational Therapy to explore the effects of the national lockdown on mental health. Method Based on the hypothesis that confinement may have made university students vulnerable, a quantitative longitudinal study was conducted with students of the Occupational Therapy Degree based on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) and Beck's Scale of Hopelessness (BSH). Results The results showed an improvement in the different scales between 2019 and 2020, with statistically significant relationships between the state of confinement and a reduction in the risk of depression at its end. Conclusions This relationship suggests doubts about the temporality and measurement of the results since it is possible that confinement had positive aspects in some of the dimensions of mental health, given its relationship with the lack of social isolation in many cases, the establishment of routines and the return to face-to-face teaching.

Fear, stress, knowledge, attitudes and practices in the face of COVID-19 in family caregivers of chronic patients / Temor, estrés, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas ante la COVID-19 en cuidadores familiares de pacientes crónicos / Temor, estresse, conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas perante a COVID-19 em cuidadores familiares de pacientes crónicos

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto sobredimensionado en Colombia en términos de incidencia y mortalidad. Cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica asumen el cuidado a largo plazo en el entorno domiciliario en medio del colapso hospitalario. Objetivo: describir, correlacionar e identificar variables predictoras de los conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas, estrés y temor ante la COVID-19 en cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica. Metodología: se realizó un estudio trasversal predictivo con 104 cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica en Bogotá, Colombia. En el que los instrumentos de caracterización, temor, estrés, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas ante el COVID-19 fueron aplicados en línea en el segundo semestre de 2020. Resultados: se observó una media de 23.07 (DE=7.2) en temor, 93.18 (DE=31.6) en estrés, 10.1 (DE=1.9) en conocimientos, 1.34 (DE=0.8) en actitudes y 1.89 (DE=0.3), lo que muestra que, aunque los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas tienen niveles altos, se observan altos niveles de estrés y temor ante el COVID-19. Hay una relación directa entre el temor y estrés ante el COVID-19, con peores puntajes en mujeres y personas con bajo nivel de conocimiento. Conclusión: se requiere capacitación y apoyo sostenido a los cuidadores familiares, quienes, en medio del temor y estrés ante el COVID-19, continúan sosteniendo el cuidado a largo plazo de enfermos crónicos en el entorno domiciliario.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had an disproportioned impact in Colombia in terms of incidence and mortality. Family caregivers of people with chronic illness take on long-term care in the home setting amid hospital collapse. Objective: To describe, correlate and identify predictor variables of knowledge, attitudes, practices, stress and fear of COVID-19 in family caregivers of people with chronic disease. Methodology: A predictive crosssectional study was conducted with 104 family caregivers of people with chronic disease in Bogotá-Colombia. The instruments of characterization, fear, stress, knowledge, attitudes and practices before COVID-19 were applied online in the second semester of 2020. Results: A mean of 23.07 (SD = 7.2) was observed in fear, 93.18 (SD = 31.6) in stress, 10.1 (SD = 1.9) in knowledge, 1.34 (SD=0.8) in attitudes and 1.89 (SD=0.3) in practices, which shows that, although knowledge, attitudes and practices have high levels, there is a high level of stress and fear of COVID-19. There is a direct relationship between fear and stress in the face of COVID-19, with worse scores in women and people with a low level of knowledge. Conclusion: Training and sustained support is required for family caregivers, who amidst the fear and stress of COVID-19 continue to support the long-term care of chronic patients in the home environment.

Resumo A pandemia pelo COVID-19 tem tido um impacto sobre dimensionado na Colômbia em termos de incidência e mortalidade. Cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença crónica assumem o cuidado a longo prazo no entorno domiciliário em meio do colapso hospitalário. Objetivo: descrever, correlacionar e identificar variáveis preditoras dos conhecimentos, atitudes, práticas, estresse e temor perante a COVID-19 em cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença crónica. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo transversal preditivo com 104 cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença crónica em Bogotá, Colômbia. No que os instrumentos de caracterização, temor, estresse, conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas perante a COVID-19 foram aplicados online no segundo semestre de 2020. Resultados: Observou-se uma média de 23.07 (DE=7.2) em temor, 93.18 (DE=31.6) em estresse, 10.1 (DE=1.9) em conhecimentos, 1.34 (DE=0.8) em atitudes e 1.89 (DE=0.3), o que amostra que, porém os conhecimentos, atitudes práticas têm níveis altos, observam-se altos níveis de estresse e temor perante o COVID-19. Há uma relação direta entre o temor e estresse perante a COVID-19, com piores pontuações em mulheres e pessoas com baixo nível de conhecimento. Conclusão: Requer-se capacitação e apoio sustentado aos cuidadores familiares, quem, em meio do temor e estresse perante a COVID-19, continuam sustentando o cuidado a longo prazo de doentes crónicos no entorno domiciliário.

Sleep and Stress of Havana Workers during Lockdown by Covid-19

Sleep quality is related to daily performance and stress. The working conditions imposed by COVID-19 have impacted individuals and families. To analyze the relationship between sleep quality, daily activities and stress of workers during COVID-19, a study of activity diaries of 113 workers in Havana, Cuba, August 2020;collected by telephone, was carried out. Descriptive and inferential statistics, regression and social micro-sequence analysis were used to analyze the data. Women slept 8.64 hours a day, dedicated 5.30 hours to leisure, 3.53 hours to work and 3.40 hours to household chores. Men slept 8.33 hours per day, dedicated 6.64 hours to leisure, 4.12 hours to work, 2.32 hours to personal needs and 1.99 hours to household chores. There were statistically significant differences by sex in terms of role changes, time spent on leisure activities, time spent on household chores and the number of roles experienced. Women had a positive and statistically significant relationship between level of rest and time spent sleeping, while men had a negative and statistically significant relationship between level of rest and hours in household chores. Men slept and rested more than women. The findings corroborate different behaviors by sex, according to the activities and roles they perform in different environments, and their influence on sleep quality and stress.Alternate : La calidad del sueño está relacionada con el rendimiento diario y el estrés. Las condiciones de trabajo impuestas por la COVID-19 han impactado en individuos y familias. Para analizar la relación entre la calidad del sueño, actividades diarias y estrés de trabajadores durante la COVID-19, se realizó un estudio de diarios de actividades de 113 trabajadores de La Habana, Cuba, agosto de 2020;recolectados telefónicamente. Para analizar los datos se utilizaron estadística descriptiva e inferencial, regresión y análisis de microsecuencias sociales. Las mujeres durmieron 8,64 horas al día, dedicaron 5,30 horas al ocio, 3,53 horas al trabajo y 3,40 horas a las tareas del hogar. Los hombres durmieron 8,33 horas al día, dedicaron 6,64 horas al ocio, 4,12 horas al trabajo, 2,32 horas a las necesidades personales y 1,99 horas a las tareas domésticas. Existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo en cuanto a los cambios de rol, el tiempo dedicado a las actividades de ocio, el tiempo dedicado a las tareas domésticas y el número de roles experimentados. Las mujeres presentaron una relación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de descanso y el tiempo de sueño, mientras que los hombres tuvieron una relación negativa y estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de descanso y las horas en tareas domésticas. Los hombres durmieron y descansaron más que las mujeres. Los hallazgos corroboran comportamientos diferentes por sexo, según las actividades y roles que estas desempeñan en diferentes entornos, y su influencia en la calidad del sueño y el estrés.Alternate : A qualidade do sono está relacionada ao desempenho diário e ao estresse. As condições de trabalho impostas pela COVID-19 tiveram impacto sobre indivíduos e famílias. Para analisar a relação entre qualidade do sono, atividades diárias e estresse dos trabalhadores durante a COVID-19, foi realizado um estudo dos diários de atividades de 113 trabalhadores em Havana, Cuba, agosto de 2020, coletados por telefone. Estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais, regressão e análise da micro-sequência social foram usadas para analisar os dados. As mulheres dormiam 8,64 horas por dia, passavam 5,30 horas em lazer, 3,53 horas em trabalho e 3,40 horas em tarefas domésticas. Os homens dormiam 8,33 horas por dia, gastavam 6,64 horas em lazer, 4,12 horas em trabalho, 2,32 horas em necessidades pessoais e 1,99 horas em tarefas domésticas. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas por sexo em termos de mudanças de papéis, tempo gasto em atividades de lazer, tempo gasto em tarefas domésticas e número de papéis vivenciados. As mulheres tinham uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre o nível de descanso e o tempo gasto para dormir, enquanto os homens tinham uma relação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre o nível de descanso e as horas gastas em tarefas domésticas. Os homens dormiam e descansavam mais do que as mulheres. Os resultados corroboram os comportamentos diferenciados de gênero, de acordo com as atividades e papéis que desempenham em diferentes ambientes, e sua influência na qualidade do sono e do estresse.

Pandemic at the Hospital: Booklet for Coping with Stress

Healthcare workers have been under intense stress in the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic when they faced situations that threatened or challenged their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and they may present mental health problems. Seeking to help these professionals in the hospital context, this article presents the theoretical bases and procedures for the development of a psychoeducational booklet for coping with stress. An integrative literature review and an online survey with 141 healthcare workers from hospitals in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Argentina were carried out to identify the main stressors and coping strategies. This material was organized according to the motivational theory of coping into charts with recommendations on what to do and avoid and boards for alternative communication. The booklet was evaluated by 17 expert health judges, obtaining good correlation coefficients for relevance content (.98) and for clarity of language (.92). With a Spanish version, its application possibilities are expanded.Alternate : Los profesionales de la salud en los hospitales enfrentan situaciones de estrés sin precedentes por la pandemia del Coronavirus/COVID-19, que amenazan o desafían sus necesidades psicológicas básicas de autonomía, competencia y relación en el enfrentamiento de esos estresores. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el proceso metodológico utilizado en la elaboración de una cartilla psicoeducativa desarrollada para apoyar a los trabajadores de la salud que enfrentan estos estresores. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura y una encuesta online para identificar los principales estresores y estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los profesionales de la salud en los hospitales. La cartilla fue evaluada por 17 jueces especialistas del área de la salud;su coeficiente de correlación es 0,92 en claridad del lenguaje y 0,98 en relevancia del contenido. Las observaciones de los jueces contribuyeron a mejorar el material posteriormente difundido y utilizado en hospitales nacionales e internacionales.Alternate : Profissionais de saúde estiveram sob estresse intenso na pandemia da coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) ao enfrentarem situações que ameaçaram ou desafiaram suas necessidades psicológicas básicas de autonomia, competência e relacionamento, podendo apresentar problemas de saúde mental. Procurando auxiliar esses profissionais no contexto hospitalar, este artigo apresenta as bases teóricas e o procedimento de elaboração de uma cartilha psicoeducacional para o enfrentamento do estresse. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura e um levantamento on-line com 141 profissionais de saúde em hospitais do Brasil, da Colômbia, do Peru e da Argentina, para identificação dos principais estressores e estratégias de enfrentamento. Esse material foi organizado pela teoria motivacional do coping em quadros, com recomendações sobre o que fazer e evitar, e quadros para comunicação alternativa. A cartilha foi avaliada por 17 juízes especialistas em saúde, obtendo-se bons coeficientes de correlação para relevância do conteúdo (0,98) e clareza de linguagem (0,92). Com versão em espanhol, ampliam-se suas possibilidades de aplicação.

Covid-19 Shock: Will We Have a Disorder of the Decade?

A new coronavirus spread rapidly around the world characterizing a pandemic. In times of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), associated with physical health problems, economic and social problems, there are psychological suffering and psychological disorders. In this context, this theoretical essay aims to present reflections on social isolation, fear of imminent death, and the possible increase in the incidence of anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health sequelae resulting from Covid-19. We observed that the pandemic is an important predictor of symptoms of anxiety disorders, as well as initial empirical studies indicated a considerable increase in the number of people with mental disorders resulting from Covid-19. There is a demand for research that explores and presents empirical data regarding the effects of Covid-19 on the mental health of the population, as well as proposing promotion and prevention strategies.Alternate : Un nuevo coronavirus se extendió rápidamente por todo el mundo y caracterizó una epidemia de grandes proporciones. En tiempos de Covid-19, asociado a problemas de salud física, económicos y sociales, hay sufrimiento psicológico y trastornos psicológicos. En este contexto, este ensayo teórico tuvo como objetivo presentar reflexiones sobre el aislamiento social, el miedo a la muerte inminente y el posible aumento en la incidencia de trastornos de ansiedad, como el trastorno de estrés postraumático (Tept), y otras secuelas mentales derivadas del Covid-19. Se observó que el contexto pandémico tiene importantes predictores de síntomas de trastornos de ansiedad, así como estudios empíricos iniciales indicaron un aumento considerable en el número de personas con trastornos mentales asociados al Covid-19 y resultantes del mismo. Existe una demanda de investigación que explore y presente datos empíricos sobre los efectos del Covid-19 en la salud mental de la población, además de proponer estrategias de promoción y prevención.Alternate : Um novo coronavírus se propagou rapidamente por todo o mundo e caracterizou uma epidemia de grandes proporções. Em tempos de Covid-19, associados aos problemas de saúde física, de natureza econômica e social, encontram-se o sofrimento psíquico e os transtornos psicológicos. Nesse contexto, o presente ensaio teórico objetivou apresentar reflexões sobre o isolamento social, o medo da morte iminente e o possível aumento na incidência de transtornos de ansiedade, como o transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (Tept), e de outras sequelas mentais decorrentes da Covid-19. Observou-se que o contexto pandêmico apresenta importantes aspectos preditores de sintomas de transtornos ansiosos, assim como estudos empíricos iniciais indicaram um considerável aumento no número de pessoas com transtornos mentais associados à Covid-19 e decorrentes dela. Há uma demanda por pesquisas que explorem e apresentem dados empíricos a respeito dos efeitos da Covid-19 sobre a saúde mental da população, bem como que proponham estratégias de promoção e prevenção.

Academic Stress, Procrastination, and Internet Uses Among College Students During the covid-19 Pandemic / Estrés académico, procrastinación y usos del Internet en universitarios durante la pandemia por covid-19 / Estresse acadêmico, procrastinação e uso da Internet em estudantes universitários durante a pandemia de covid-19

La pandemia por covid-19 repercutió en las prácticas educativas y convirtió a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación ­sobre todo Internet­ en medios indispensables para continuar con las actividades académicas; pero a la par incrementaron el riesgo de que los estudiantes usen mal estas herramientas y con ello aparezcan fenómenos como la procrastinación. Por tanto, el objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el estrés académico, el uso problemático de Internet, la adicción a las redes sociales y la procrastinación académica. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de corte transversal. Se utilizó el inventario sisco de estrés académico, el cupo para uso problemático de Internet, la smas-sf de adicción a redes sociales y la Escala de Procrastinación Académica. La muestra la conformaron 448 estudiantes universitarios mexicanos entre los 17 y los 34 años. Resultados: se hallaron diferencias significativas por sexo, en cuanto a las reacciones ante el estrés académico, y en la categoría de la autorregulación, donde los hombres indicaron una baja autorregulación. Por su parte, en la sub-muestra de mujeres se encontró una relación positiva y significativa entre el uso de las redes sociales y la procrastinación académica; mientras que, en los hombres, entre los problemas por el uso de las redes sociales y las reacciones psicológicas ante el estrés. Conclusión: el cambio de modalidad de estudio (de presencial a virtual) ha generado consecuencias en los universitarios, como estrés académico, procras-tinación y usos inadecuados de Internet.

The covid-19 pandemic has affected educational practices, turning the information and communication technologies and the Internet into essential means to continue academic activities while increasing the risk of students misusing these tools, favoring phenomena such as procrastination. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between academic stress, problematic Internet use, social media addiction, and academic procrastination. Materials and methods: In this quantitative, non-experimen-tal, and cross-sectional study, the sisco inventory for academic stress, cupi for problematic Internet use, smas-sf for addiction to social networks, and academic procrastination scale were used. The sample was made up of 448 Mexican university students aged 17­34 years. Results: Significant differences were found by sex in terms of reactions to academic stress and in the category of self-regulation, where men indicated low self-regulation. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship was found between the use of social networks and academic procrastination in women and the problems due to the use of social networks and psychological reactions to stress in men. Conclusion: The change from face-to-face to virtual modality has led to consequences such as academic stress, procrastination, and inappropriate use of the Internet among university students.

a pandemia do covid-19 impactou as práticas educacionais, tornando as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (tic) e principalmente a Internet meios indispensáveis para a continuidade das atividades acadêmicas; mas ao mesmo tempo aumenta o risco de que os alunos façam mau uso dessas ferramentas e com isso apareçam fenômenos como a procrastinação. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a relação entre estresse acadêmico, uso problemático da Internet, vício em redes sociais e procrastinação acadêmica. Materiais e métodos: estudo quantitativo, não experimental e transversal. Foram utilizados o Inventário sisco de estresse acadêmico, o cupi para uso problemático da Internet, o smas-sf para vício em redes sociais e a escala de procrastinação acadêmica (epa). A amostra foi composta por 448 estudantes universitários mexicanos com idades entre 17 e 34 anos. Resultados: foram encontradas diferenças significativas em função do sexo nas reações ao estresse acadêmico e na catego-ria de auto-regulamentação, onde os homens indicaram baixa auto-regulamentação. Por outro lado, foi encontrada uma relação positiva e significativa, na subamostra de mulheres, entre o uso de redes sociais e procrastinação acadêmica, enquanto que para os homens houve relação positiva e significativa entre problemas devido ao uso de redes sociais e reações psicológicas ao estresse. Conclusão: a mudança da modalidade presencial para a virtual gerou consequências em universitários como estresse acadêmico, procrastinação e uso inadequado da Internet.

EMDR for symptoms of depression, stress and burnout in health care workers exposed to COVID-19 (HARD): A study protocol for a trial within a cohort study.

Background: Stressful events during a pandemic are a major cause of serious health problems, such as burnout, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among health care workers (HCWs). During three years, HCWs, on the frontline to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, have been at an increased risk of high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout and PTSD. Regarding potential psychological interventions, Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing (EMDR) is a structured, strongly recommended therapy based on its well-known efficacy in reducing PTSD symptoms and anxiety.Objectives: This study, designed as a trial within a cohort (TwiC), aims to 1) estimate the prevalence of depression, burnout and PTSD in a sample of HCWs after experiencing the COVID-19 emergency (cohort part) and 2) assess the efficacy and acceptability of 'EMDR + usual care' for HCWs from the cohort who report significant psychological symptoms (trial part).Methods: The study, designed as a TwiC, consists of a prospective cohort study (n = 3000) with an embedded, pragmatic, randomized open-label superiority trial with two groups (n = 900). Participants included in the trial part are HCWs recruited for the cohort with significant symptoms on at least one psychological dimension (depression, burnout, PTSD) at baseline, 3 months or 6 months, determined by using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale, and PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5). The intervention consists of 12 separate EMDR sessions with a certified therapist. The control group receives usual care. The trial has three primary outcomes: changes in depression, burnout and PTSD scores from randomization to 6 months. All participants are followed up for 12 months.Conclusions: This study provides empirical evidence about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the mental health burden it places on HCWs and assesses the effectiveness of EMDR as a psychological intervention.Trial registration NCT04570202.

Health care workers are at increased risk of stress, anxiety, depression, burnout and PTSD following the COVID-19 pandemic.In this study, the effectiveness of EMDR in reducing depression, burnout and PTSD in health care workers exposed to COVID-19 is investigated.In this study, an original 'trial within a cohort' (TwiC) design that consists of a cohort study with an embedded pragmatic randomized trial is used.The study is fully web-based, including online screening, consent and assessments.

Academic stress and sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical students from a university of Peru / Estrés académico y calidad del sueño en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad del Perú

Abstract Introduction: Sleep quality is an important factor for both the physical and mental health of medical students. Objective: To evaluate the association between academic stress and sleep quality among medical students enrolled in a university of Lima (Peru) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study carried out in 410 medical students from the School of Human Medicine of Universidad Ricardo Palma, who, in October and November 2020, were administered the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the SISCO SV-21 Academic Stress Inventory, and a sociodemographic and habits questionnaire via Google Forms. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to identify factors associated with poor sleep quality and academic stress, using prevalence ratios (PR) with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p<0.05. Results: 97.32% of students presented with "academic stress" and 90.48% had "poor quality of sleep". Factors associated with "poor quality of sleep" were "high levels of academic stress" (aPR: 2.433; 95%CI: 1.619-3.657; p=0.000), "not living with relatives" (aPR: 1.264; 95%CI: 1.107-1.443; p=0.001), and "working in addition to studying" (aPR: 1.106; 95%CI: 1.012-1.209; p=0.026). Additionally, "female biological sex" (aPR: 1.178; 95%CI: 1.090-1.273; p=0.000) and "place of birth Lima" (aPR: 0.929; 95%CI: 0.882-0.979; p=0.006) were significantly associated with "academic stress." Conclusion: Having high levels of academic stress, not living with relatives, and working in addition to studying were factors associated with poor sleep quality among the study population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen Introducción. La calidad del sueño es un factor importante para la salud física y mental de los estudiantes de medicina. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el estrés académico y la calidad del sueño en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Lima, Perú, en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 410 estudiantes de Medicina de la Facultad de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Ricardo Palma, a quienes, entre octubre y noviembre de 2020, se les aplicó la versión en español del Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh, el Inventario de Estrés Académico SISCO SV-21 y una ficha sociodemográfica y de hábitos mediante Google Forms. Se realizaron análisis bivariados y multivariados para identificar los factores asociados a la mala calidad del sueño y al estrés académico utilizando razones de prevalencia (RP) con un intervalo de confianza del 95% y un nivel de significancia p<0.05. Resultados. El 97.32% de los estudiantes presentó "estrés académico" y el 90.48% tuvo "mala calidad del sueño". Los factores asociados a "mala calidad del sueño" fueron "altos niveles de estrés académico" (RPa: 2,433; 95%CI: 1.619-3.657; p=0.000), "no vivir con familiares" (RPa: 1,264; 95%CI: 1.107-1.443; p=0.001) y "trabajar además de estudiar" (RPa: 1,106; 95%CI: 1.012-1.209; p=0.026). Adicionalmente, "sexo biológico femenino" (RPa: 1,178; 95%CI: 1.090-1.273; p=0.000) y "lugar de nacimiento en Lima" (RPa: 0,929; 95%CI: 0.882-0.979; p=0.006) se asociaron significativamente al "estrés académico". Conclusión. Tener altos niveles de estrés académico, no vivir con familiares y trabajar además de estudiar fueron factores asociados con presentar una mala calidad del sueño en la población de estudio en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19.

Melatonina : bases científicas para su uso en el COVID 19

La Melatonina es una hormona que actúa facilitando la aparición del sueño fisiológico. Además presenta potentes acciónes antiinflamatoria y antioxidante, con lo que ha demostrado ya ser capaz de ejercer efectos muy beneficioso sobre las alteraciones ligadas al envejecimiento que aparecen en el sistema cardiovascular y especialmente en pulmón, donde nuestro grupo ha podido constatar un efecto protector frente a procesos de estrés oxidativo , inflamatorios y de muerte celular programada ( apoptosis).. Aunque no es una sustancia antivírica, sin embargo ha demostrado tener efectos muy positivos en algunos modelos experimentales de infección por vírus disminuyendo la carga viral y también reduciendo la oxidación y la inflamación con lo que atenúa la gravedad de la enfermedad. En el COVID 19 es capaz también de interferir en el proceso infectivo que ocurre a través de los receptores de ACE2 y de EGF pues es capaz de bloquear dichas interacciones con lo que disminuye la viremia. Concretamente reduce la actividad del inflamasoma NLRP3 con lo que bloquea la liberación masiva de citoquinas disminuyendo el proceso inflamatorio lo que supone una mejoría de la evolución de la enfermedad. Por todo ello la melatonina puede desempeñar un importante papel en el tratamiento del COVID 19.Alternate : Melatonin is a hormone that acts facilitating the appearance of physiological sleep It has also a very evident antinflammatory and antioxidant capacities that result in beneficial actions on the aging processes in the cardiovascular system and in the lungs where our group has detected a protective action against oxidative stress , inflammation and apoptosis . Although melatonin is not viricidal by itself in some models of viral infections it has demonstrated its ability to reduce viral load and also inflammation and oxidation, reducing the severity of the disease. In COVID 19 melatonin has been shown to be able to interfere with the infectious process that takes place through ACE2 and EGF receptors being able to block these interactions thus reducing viremia .It is able to block the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome thus dramatically reducing the massive secretion of cytokines and markedly reducing hyperinflammation and apoptosis leading to a better evolution of the disease .For all these reasons melatonin could play an important role in the treatment of COVID 19.

Psychological repercussions on nursing staff due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a high demand for health services, especially nursing. This workload can lead to emotional distress affecting their daily lives on a personal and professional basis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in nurses and to analyze the factors associated with their presence during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a second-level hospital in Mexico between September and October 2020. Within a population of 150 nurses invited to the study, 116 participated by answering a questionnaire regarding emotional aspects during their time caring for COVID-19 patients, as well as using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21). RESULTS: Among de 116 participants, 77.6% were females, and 22.4% were males. The 91.4% reported fear of spreading the disease to their families, and 59.5% reported that the death of their patients infected with COVID-19 affected them deeply. The factors associated with moderate to extremely severe levels of depression were the attitude of indifference from the community to their work during the pandemic (OR:2.66) and the increase consumption of addictive substances (OR:9.80). In the stress subscale, the variables that conferred a significant association was working inside the COVID-19 area (OR:17.05), being severely affected by the death of patients infected (OR:4.23), and fear of entering the red zone (OR:19.47). The need for psychological care was associated with moderate to severe depression and anxiety (OR:7.38, OR:9.50, respectively). For the anxiety subscale, no association with the studied variables was found. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates a high prevalence of emotional distress among nurses, and that there were working, psychological and social factors associated with symptoms of depression and stress. Future research should focus on prevention measures and strategies to reduce psychological impact, as this could affect the quality of care provided to their patients.

Parental Stress and Type of Stimulation for Children at Home in the COVID-19 context

The present research aimed to describe the type of stimulation at home and the levels of pandemic stress perceived in primary caregivers during the COVID-19 context;as well as evaluating the possible association between the aforementioned variables. The sample consisted of 304 Argentine primary caregivers of children from 0 to 12 years old (M age = 6,23 years, SD = 3,44 years, male = 136). An ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire, an ad hoc Home Stimulation Questionnaire and the SISCO Pandemic Stress Inventory (ISEP;Macías, 2020) were administered. It was found that TV and the Internet were the most used devices by infants (2 to 4 hours a day). In turn, a positive association was found between overcrowding and higher levels of pandemic stress, the latter predominantly in families living with a person at risk, were themselves at risk or had difficulty sleeping. It is concluded that one must work with the type of content and the amount of time that infants are exposed to technological devices, and with the possible stress that may arise from families where there are people belonging to the risk group. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder in nursing professionals during the covid-19 pandemic / Análisis del trastorno de estrés post-traumático en profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de covid-19 / Análise do transtorno do estresse pós-traumático em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia da covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and factors associated with its development in Nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted with 309 Nursing professionals, using a questionnaire to assess sociodemographic data and work-related information, in addition to the Impact Event Scale - Revised, which aims at collecting diverse information related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. Results the study participants were 176 nurses and 133 nursing technicians: 83.82% female and 56.96% male nurses. As for the hour load, 55.66% asserted working up to 40 weekly hours 47.90% had more than one employment contract, 89.32% were active in the front line against the pandemic, and 60.19% reported an increase in workload. However, 64.40% presented symptoms or were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 43.37% indicated emotional impairment. Using the classifications of the overall Impact Event Scale - Revised score, 29 (53.40%) obtained scores of at least 33, the cutoff point for likely diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Conclusion it was evidenced that more than half of the study sample presented a high risk of developing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Impact Event Scale - Revised scale. Factors associated with the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in Nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic include use of psychotropic drugs, age up to 35 years old, and occurrence of physical and emotional changes.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la prevalencia del Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático y los factores asociados al desarrollo de dicho trastorno en profesionales de Enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método estudio observacional, analítico y transversal, realizado con 309 profesionales de Enfermería por medio de un cuestionario para evaluar datos sociodemográficos y diversa información sobre el trabajo, además de la Escala de Impacto del Evento - Revisada, que tiene como objetivo recolectar diversa información relacionada con la sintomatología del Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático. Resultados el estudio contó con la participación de 176 enfermeros y 133 técnicos de Enfermería: 83,82% del sexo femenino y 56,96% de enfermeros. En cuanto al trabajo, el 55,66% poseían una carga horaria de hasta 40 horas semanales, el 47,90% tenían más de un vínculo laboral, el 89,32% trabajaba en la primera línea de lucha contra la pandemia y el 60,19% señaló un aumento en la carga de trabajo. No obstante, el 64,40% presentó síntomas o fueron diagnosticados con COVID-19 y el 43,37% indicó perjuicios emocionales. Utilizando las clasificaciones de la puntuación general de la escala Escala de Impacto del Evento - Revisada, 29 (53,40%) obtuvieron un puntaje de al menos 33, punto de corte para el probable diagnóstico de Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático. Conclusión se hizo evidente que, en la escala Escala de Impacto del Evento - Revisada, más de la mitad de la muestra del estudio presentó alto riesgo de desarrollar el Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático. Como factores asociados al desarrollo del Trastorno de Estrés Post-Traumático en profesionales de Enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19 figuran los siguientes: uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos, edad de hasta 35 años, y cambios en estado financiero y emocional.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a prevalência de Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático e os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método estudo observacional, analítico e transversal, realizado com 309 profissionais de enfermagem, utilizando questionário para avaliar dados sociodemográficos e informações sobre o trabalho, além da Escala do Impacto do Evento - Revisada (IES-R), que visa coletar informações relacionadas à sintomatologia do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático. Resultados o estudo contou com 176 enfermeiros e 133 técnicos de enfermagem, sendo 83,82% do sexo feminino e 56,96% de enfermeiros. Quanto ao trabalho, 55,66% possuíam carga horária de até 40 horas semanais, 47,90% tinham mais de um vínculo, 89,32% atuaram na linha de frente da pandemia e 60,19% apontaram aumento da carga de trabalho. Não obstante, 64,40% apresentaram sintomas ou foram diagnosticados com COVID-19 e 43,37% apontaram prejuízo emocional. Utilizando as classificações do escore geral da Escala do Impacto do Evento - Revisada, 29, 53,40% atingiram pontuação maior ou igual a 33, ponto de corte para o provável diagnóstico de Transtorno do Estresse Pós-Traumático. Conclusão foi evidenciado que mais da metade da amostra do estudo apresentou na escala Escala do Impacto do Evento - Revisada alto risco de desenvolver Transtorno do Estresse Pós-Traumático. Como fatores associados ao desenvolvimento do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático em profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia da COVID-19, estão o uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos, idade até 35 anos, mudança financeira e emocional.

Estados emocionales agudos en pobladores mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar los estados emocionales agudos en mexicanos durante la pandemia por Covid-19. Se tuvo un diseño no experimental-transversal. Participaron 585 mexicanos entre 18 y 67 años. Se utilizó la escala DASS-21 para medir las variables de estrés, ansiedad y depresión, y un cuestionario sobre situaciones relacionadas al confinamiento por COVID-19. Los resultados arrojan que un pequeño porcentaje de la muestra manifestó sintomatología emocional negativa de severa a muy severa, así como temor y angustia al contagio de un familiar. De igual manera, se identificaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres, y grupos de edad. Los hallazgos muestran la importancia de diseñar e implementar intervenciones psicológicas dirigidas a minorar las emociones negativas durante la pandemia por coronavirus.Alternate :The purpose of the study was to evaluate acute emotional states in Mexicans during the Covid-19 pandemic. Non-experimental-cross-sectional design. 585 Mexicans between 18 and 67 years of age participated. The DASS-21 scale was used to measure the variables of stress, anxiety and depression;and a questionnaire on situations related to confinement by COVID-19. The results show that a small percentage of the sample manifested negative emotional symptoms ranging from severe to very severe, as well as fear and anguish of contagion from a relative. Similarly, significant differences were identified between men and women, and age groups. The findings show the importance of designing and implementing psychological interventions aimed at reducing negative emotions during the coronavirus pandemic.Alternate :Le but de l'étude était d'évaluer les états émotionnels aigus chez les Mexicains pendant la pandémie de Covid-19. Conception en coupe transversale non expérimentale. 585 mexicains âgés de 18 à 67 ans y ont participé. L'échelle DASS-21 a été utilisée pour mesurer les variables du stress, de l'anxiété et de la dépression;et un questionnaire sur les situations liées au confinement par COVID-19. Les résultats montrent qu'un petit pourcentage de l'échantillon manifestait des symptômes émotionnels négatifs allant de graves à très graves, ainsi que la peur et l'angoisse de contagion d'un proche. De même, des différences significatives ont été identifiées entre les hommes et les femmes et les groupes d'âge. Les résultats montrent l'importance de concevoir et de mettre en œuvre des interventions psychologiques visant à réduire les émotions négatives pendant la pandémie.Alternate :O objetivo do estudo era avaliar os estados emocionais agudos nos mexicanos durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Desenho transversal não experimental. Participaram 585 mexicanos entre 18 e 67 anos. A escala DASS-21 foi utilizada para medir as variáveis ​​de estresse, ansiedade e depressão;e um questionário sobre situações relacionadas ao confinamento por COVID-19. Os resultados mostram que uma pequena porcentagem da amostra manifestou sintomas emocionais negativos que variam de graves a muito graves, além de medo e angústia de contágio de um familiar. Da mesma forma, foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres e grupos de idade. Os resultados mostram a importância de projetar e implementar intervenções psicológicas destinadas a reduzir as emoções negativas durante a pandemia.

Salud mental, autoeficacia y adaptación universitaria a la pandemia de COVID-19

Este estudio mixto evaluó cambios y estabilidad en indicadores de salud (depresión, ansiedad, estrés, consumo de alcohol y cantidad de horas de sueño) y la creencia en la autoeficacia académica de estudiantes universitarios brasileños, antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El primer paso, cuantitativo y longitudinal, investigó a 20 estudiantes (Medad =20.8 años;DP=3.4) en el período de 2019 y 2020, sugiriendo el mantenimiento de indicadores de salud mental y la reducción del consumo de alcohol y autoeficacia. En la segunda etapa, cualitativa, las entrevistas durante la cuarentena revelaron procesos de adaptación personal y académica, además de preocupaciones sobre la salud mental ante la pandemia. Se recomiendan las respuestas institucionales de las universidades a estos desafíos continuos, en contraposición a una perspectiva analítica individual.Alternate :This mixed study evaluated changes and stability in health indicators (depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol consumption and amount of hours of sleep) and the belief in academic self-efficacy of Brazilian university students, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first step, quantitative and longitudinal, investigated 20 students (average age=20.8 years;SD=3.4) in the period of 2019 and 2020, suggesting the maintenance of mental health indicators and the reduction of alcohol consumption and self-efficacy. In the second, qualitative stage, interviews during the quarantine revealed processes of personal and academic adaptation, in addition to concerns about mental health in the face of the pandemic. Institutional responses by universities to these ongoing challenges are recommended, as opposed to an individual analytical perspective.Alternate :Cette étude mixte a évalué les changements et la stabilité des indicateurs de santé (dépression, anxiété, stress, consommation d'alcool et nombre d'heures de sommeil) et la croyance en l'auto-efficacité académique des étudiants universitaires brésiliens, avant et pendant la pandémie COVID-19. La première étape, quantitative et longitudinale, a enquêté sur 20 étudiants (âge moyen=20,8 ans;ET=3,4) sur la période 2019 et 2020, suggérant le maintien des indicateurs de santé mentale et la réduction de la consommation d'alcool et auto-efficacité. Dans la seconde étape, qualitative, des entretiens lors de la quarantaine ont révélé des processus d'adaptation personnelle et académique, en plus des inquiétudes sur la santé mentale face à la pandémie. Des réponses institutionnelles des universités à ces défis permanents sont recommandées, par opposition à une perspective analytique individuelle.Alternate :Este estudo misto avaliou mudanças e estabilidades em indicadores de saúde (depressão, ansiedade, estresse, consumo de álcool e quantidade de horas de sono) e de crença de autoeficácia acadêmica de universitários brasileiros, antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A primeira etapa, quantitativa e longitudinal, investigou 20 estudantes (Midade=20.8 anos;DP=3.4) no período de 2019 e 2020, sugerindo a manutenção de indicadores de saúde mental e a redução do consumo de álcool e autoeficácia. Na segunda etapa, qualitativa, entrevistas durante a quarentena revelaram processos de adaptação pessoal e acadêmica, além de preocupações sobre a saúde mental diante da pandemia. Recomenda-se respostas institucionais por parte das universidades a esses desafios em curso, em contraposição a uma perspectiva analítica individual.